Chatbots have evolved from simple command-based systems to sophisticated conversational AI tools. This article explores their functioning, from the pioneering ELIZA to modern LLM-based systems. We analyze the traditional process: natural language understanding (NLU), dialogue management (DM), and response generation (RG), comparing it with the end-to-end LLM-based approach.

On an afternoon in 2017, I had the opportunity to share my experience in the fascinating world of artificial intelligence (AI). My journey began more than 25 years ago when my father brought home our first computer. That machine, which we would consider prehistoric today, sparked a curiosity in me that would lead me to explore the limits of technology and AI.